http://hdl.handle.net/10027/79 Formally published articles, chapters, books, etc. Tue, 21 May 2013 15:34:51 GMT 2013-05-21T15:34:51Z http://hdl.handle.net/10027/101 Mapping Crime in its Community Setting: Event Geography Analysis. Maltz, Michael D.; Gordon, Andrew C.; Friedman, Warren Preface to the Internet Edition -- The economics of academic publishing are such that books go out of print fairly quickly, long before their useful lifetime has expired. This was the case with Mapping Crime in Its Community Setting, published in 1991 by Springer-Verlag; it predated the emergence of crime mapping as the powerful crime analysis tool it has become. We retrieved the copyright from Springer last year and decided that, rather than republish it in paper, we would put it on the web and make it available for free. The Library of the University of Illinois at Chicago graciously consented to put store the book on its "reading room" site (http://www.uic.edu/depts/lib/forr/ ). Publication of our book was followed by the very successful National Institute of Justice program testing crime mapping elsewhere; called the Drug Market Analysis Program (with the apt acronym D-MAP), cities from San Diego to Pittsburgh to Jersey City to Hartford implemented (in San Diego's case, augmented) computerized crime mapping projects that still flourish. It was also the forerunner of the Chicago Police Department's ICAM (Information Collection for Automated Mapping) system, which has been up and running for a half-dozen years. As its title implies, the book puts computer-based crime mapping in its community context, where "community" refers both to the police community and the neighborhoods they serve. We discuss how it can be used to incorporate a true and sustainable form of community policing, where the police and community organizations form partnerships to provide communities with the support and protection they need. Of course, maintaining a partnership of this nature is difficult, but we feel that it is well worth the effort. The technological context of this book is now quite dated. This project started five years after IBM introduced its first personal computer, and the Macintosh had been out for only two years. For example, all of our "geocoding" was done by hand, and the data were sent from place to place by "sneaker LAN," that is, by carrying diskettes from site to site. Yet the project's essential findings are still as applicable today as they were ten years ago: crime mapping is an excellent tool for use by police analysts and administrators; its proper implementation requires police organizations to make substantive changes in the way they do business; and it can be used very effectively as a platform for building cooperative relationships between police and communities and for incorporating dynamic mapping and other (non-police) data as a means of understanding the nature of the communities the police serve. As with any tool, it can also be used inappropriately. Great care, for example, must be given to maintaining the confidentiality of the information the database contains, especially concerning people already victimized, and to attend to unintended organizational consequences of tool use. These matters all receive attention in the book. Sat, 01 Jan 2000 06:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10027/101 2000-01-01T06:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10027/90 Evaluation of Crime Control Programs Maltz, Michael D. Among the issues discussed in the monograph are the relationship between the agency and the evaluator, crime displacement, crime data, measures of effectiveness, and conduct of the evaluation. A review of these issues is instructive. • Issues related to the relationship between the evaluator and practitioner still are there, but to a much lesser extent. There was little incentive for (and to some extent, little stomach for) experimentation in police departments in the 1970s, and it took a courageous police chief to start the process, as Clarence Kelley did with the now-famous Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment. Nowadays most police administrators–especially in larger cities–are accustomed to having researchers in their agencies; in fact, many of them (and most of their staff) have advanced degrees and/or have conducted similar research themselves. • Issues related to displacement are still important. Moreover, their importance may have increased over the years, because we now have the tools–in the form of geographical information systems–that can provide graphic representations of the impact of a program on moving crime from one location to another. • We still have problems with crime data. Although the National Crime Victimization Survey now supplements the Uniform Crime Reporting System, the NCVS cannot be used to evaluate local programs, forcing reliance on the UCR with all its faults. The slow development of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), which will replace the UCR, means that this will continue to be the case for years to come. • The dominant measure of effectiveness is still the crime rate, but much work has been done in the development of fear of crime as an additional indicator. Use of the Crime Seriousness Index has fallen off, but more complex "quality of life" criteria have been added to the evaluation equation. In any event, this monograph (for those who find their way to this web site) can serve as a benchmark of the progress we have made in evaluating crime control programs since the early 1970s. Preface to the Internet Edition A few months ago a colleague who's been in the "crime business" for about as long as I have–asked me to provide a citation from this monograph, which I wrote while a staff member of the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (the predecessor to the National Institute of Justice). I found the citation he was looking for, but also began to read the monograph for the first time in decades. I was pleasantly surprised; although it might be viewed as a "period piece," it contains some nuggets that might be worth considering. To some extent nothing has changed (plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose) but to some extent a lot has changed. [NB: The only changes I made to the monograph itself are the correction of typographic errors and reformatting, which led to a revised table of contents.] Michael D. Maltz Chicago, Illinois March 1999 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 06:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10027/90 1999-01-01T06:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10027/87 Recidivism. Maltz, Michael D. The purpose of this book is to present a thorough analysis of the concept of recidivism. The first half of the book describes the role that different definitions of recidivism have played in evaluating correctional goals and programs and shows how improper policy conclusions have been based on studies that used inappropriate definitions of recidivism. It describes the many goals that the correctional system is called upon to achieve and specifies how recidivism is used in measuring their achievement. A taxonomy of recidivism definitions is proposed to make possible the comparison of recidivism statistics of two different studies. The second half of the book addresses the problem of analyzing data on recidivism. Deficiencies in the standard method of analysis are noted, and different methods and models that overcome these deficiencies are described. Selection of the “best” method and model is addressed by noting the inappropriateness of the standard selection criterion, the chi-square goodness-of-fit test. New selection criteria are developed, including a graphical test based on the model’s predictive ability. In addition, characteristics of the recidivism process are invoked to aid in the selection of an appropriate model. This model, based on the incomplete exponential distribution, is described and a number of examples of its use are presented. Appendixes containing tables, graphs, and computer programs (useful in estimating confidence regions) are provided, with examples of their use in analyzing correctional data. Sun, 01 Jan 1984 06:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10027/87 1984-01-01T06:00:00Z